Australia, being one of the youngest nations in the world and with a population of only 22 million, has had fourteen Nobel Prize winners. Of the 14 prizes, one is for literature and the remaining are for science or medicine.
| 1915 | William Henry Bragg and his son William Lawrence Bragg | Physics |
| 1945 | Howard Florey | Physiology or Medicine |
| 1947 | Robert Robinson | Chemistry |
| 1960 | Frank Macfarlene Burnet | Medicine |
| 1963 | John Carew Eccles | Medicine |
| 1964 | Aleksandr Mikhailovich Prokhorov | Physics |
| 1970 | Bernard Katz | Physiology or Medicine |
| 1973 | Patrick White | Literature |
| 1975 | John Warcup Cornforth | Chemistry |
| 1996 | Peter Charles Doherty | Physiology or Medicine |
| 2005 | Barry J Marshall and J Robin Warren | Medicine |
| 2009 | Elizabeth H Blackburn | Physiology or Medicine |
| 2011 | Brian P. Schmidt | Physics |
| 2017 | International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons | Peace |